nlte.c

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/*
  This file is part of the AIRS Code Collection.
  
  the AIRS Code Collections is free software: you can redistribute it
  and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
  as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of
  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  
  The AIRS Code Collection is distributed in the hope that it will be
  useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
  of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  General Public License for more details.
  
  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with the AIRS Code Collection. If not, see
  <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  
  Copyright (C) 2019-2025 Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
*/
 
#include <mpi.h>
#include <omp.h>
#include <netcdf.h>
#include "jurassic.h"
 
/* ------------------------------------------------------------
   Macros...
   ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
#define NC(cmd) {                                    \
  int nc_result=(cmd);                               \
  if(nc_result!=NC_NOERR)                            \
    ERRMSG("%s", nc_strerror(nc_result));            \
}
 
/* ------------------------------------------------------------
   Dimensions...
   ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
#define L1_NCHAN 34
 
#define L1_NTRACK 135
 
#define L1_NXTRACK 90
 
#define L2_NLAY 27
 
#define L2_NTRACK 45
 
#define L2_NXTRACK 30
 
/* ------------------------------------------------------------
   Structs...
   ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
typedef struct {
 
  int ncid;
 
  int np;
 
  double l1_time[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK];
 
  double l1_lon[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK];
 
  double l1_lat[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK];
 
  double l1_sat_z[L1_NTRACK];
 
  double l1_sat_lon[L1_NTRACK];
 
  double l1_sat_lat[L1_NTRACK];
 
  double l1_nu[L1_NCHAN];
 
  float l1_rad[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK][L1_NCHAN];
 
  double l2_z[L2_NTRACK][L2_NXTRACK][L2_NLAY];
 
  double l2_p[L2_NLAY];
 
  double l2_t[L2_NTRACK][L2_NXTRACK][L2_NLAY];
 
  float ret_z[NP];
 
  float ret_p[L1_NTRACK * L1_NXTRACK];
 
  float ret_t[L1_NTRACK * L1_NXTRACK * NP];
 
} ncd_t;
 
/* ------------------------------------------------------------
   Functions...
   ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
void add_var(
  int ncid,
  const char *varname,
  const char *unit,
  const char *longname,
  int type,
  int dimid[],
  int *varid,
  int ndims);
 
void fill_gaps(
  double x[L2_NTRACK][L2_NXTRACK][L2_NLAY],
  double cx,
  double cy);
 
void init_l2(
  ncd_t * ncd,
  int track,
  int xtrack,
  ctl_t * ctl,
  atm_t * atm);
 
void optimal_estimation(
  ret_t * ret,
  ctl_t * ctl,
  tbl_t * tbl,
  obs_t * obs_meas,
  obs_t * obs_i,
  atm_t * atm_apr,
  atm_t * atm_i,
  double *chisq);
 
void read_nc(
  char *filename,
  ncd_t * ncd);
 
/* ------------------------------------------------------------
   Main...
   ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
int main(
  int argc,
  char *argv[]) {
 
  static ctl_t ctl;
  static atm_t atm_apr, atm_clim, atm_i;
  static obs_t obs_i, obs_meas;
  static ncd_t ncd;
  static ret_t ret;
 
  static FILE *in, *out;
 
  static char filename[LEN], filename2[2 * LEN];
 
  static double chisq[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK], ni[L1_NTRACK][L1_NXTRACK],
    z[NP];
 
  static int channel[ND], n, ntask = -1, rank, size;
 
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------
     Init...
     ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
  /* MPI... */
  MPI_Init(&argc, &argv);
  MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank);
  MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);
 
  /* Measure CPU time... */
  TIMER("total", 1);
 
  /* Check arguments... */
  if (argc < 3)
    ERRMSG("Give parameters: <ctl> <filelist>");
 
  /* Read control parameters... */
  read_ctl(argc, argv, &ctl);
  read_ret(argc, argv, &ctl, &ret);
 
  /* Initialize look-up tables... */
  tbl_t *tbl = read_tbl(&ctl);
  
  /* Read retrieval grid... */
  const int nz = (int) scan_ctl(argc, argv, "NZ", -1, "", NULL);
  if (nz > NP)
    ERRMSG("Too many altitudes!");
  for (int iz = 0; iz < nz; iz++)
    z[iz] = scan_ctl(argc, argv, "Z", iz, "", NULL);
 
  /* Read track range... */
  const int track0 = (int) scan_ctl(argc, argv, "TRACK_MIN", -1, "0", NULL);
  const int track1 = (int) scan_ctl(argc, argv, "TRACK_MAX", -1, "134", NULL);
 
  /* Read xtrack range... */
  const int xtrack0 = (int) scan_ctl(argc, argv, "XTRACK_MIN", -1, "0", NULL);
  const int xtrack1 =
    (int) scan_ctl(argc, argv, "XTRACK_MAX", -1, "89", NULL);
 
  /* Background smoothing... */
  const double sx = scan_ctl(argc, argv, "SX", -1, "8", NULL);
  const double sy = scan_ctl(argc, argv, "SY", -1, "2", NULL);
 
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------
     Distribute granules...
     ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
  /* Open filelist... */
  printf("Read filelist: %s\n", argv[2]);
  if (!(in = fopen(argv[2], "r")))
    ERRMSG("Cannot open filelist!");
 
  /* Loop over netCDF files... */
  while (fscanf(in, "%s", filename) != EOF) {
 
    /* Distribute files with MPI... */
    if ((++ntask) % size != rank)
      continue;
 
    /* Write info... */
    printf("Retrieve file %s on rank %d of %d (with %d threads)...\n",
           filename, rank + 1, size, omp_get_max_threads());
 
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------
       Initialize retrieval...
       ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
    /* Read netCDF file... */
    read_nc(filename, &ncd);
 
    /* Identify radiance channels... */
    for (int id = 0; id < ctl.nd; id++) {
      channel[id] = -999;
      for (int i = 0; i < L1_NCHAN; i++)
        if (fabs(ctl.nu[id] - ncd.l1_nu[i]) < 0.1)
          channel[id] = i;
      if (channel[id] < 0)
        ERRMSG("Cannot identify radiance channel!");
    }
 
    /* Fill data gaps... */
    fill_gaps(ncd.l2_t, sx, sy);
    fill_gaps(ncd.l2_z, sx, sy);
 
    /* Set climatological data for center of granule... */
    atm_clim.np = nz;
    for (int iz = 0; iz < nz; iz++)
      atm_clim.z[iz] = z[iz];
    climatology(&ctl, &atm_clim);
 
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------
       Retrieval...
       ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
    /* Loop over swaths... */
    for (int track = track0; track <= track1; track++) {
 
      /* Measure CPU time... */
      TIMER("retrieval", 1);
 
      /* Loop over scan... */
      for (int xtrack = xtrack0; xtrack <= xtrack1; xtrack++) {
 
        /* Store observation data... */
        obs_meas.nr = 1;
        obs_meas.time[0] = ncd.l1_time[track][xtrack];
        obs_meas.obsz[0] = ncd.l1_sat_z[track];
        obs_meas.obslon[0] = ncd.l1_sat_lon[track];
        obs_meas.obslat[0] = ncd.l1_sat_lat[track];
        obs_meas.vplon[0] = ncd.l1_lon[track][xtrack];
        obs_meas.vplat[0] = ncd.l1_lat[track][xtrack];
        for (int id = 0; id < ctl.nd; id++)
          obs_meas.rad[id][0] = ncd.l1_rad[track][xtrack][channel[id]];
 
        /* Flag out 4 micron channels... */
        for (int id = 0; id < ctl.nd; id++)
          if (ctl.nu[id] >= 2000)
            obs_meas.rad[id][0] = GSL_NAN;
 
        /* Prepare atmospheric data... */
        copy_atm(&ctl, &atm_apr, &atm_clim, 0);
        for (int ip = 0; ip < atm_apr.np; ip++) {
          atm_apr.time[ip] = obs_meas.time[0];
          atm_apr.lon[ip] = obs_meas.vplon[0];
          atm_apr.lat[ip] = obs_meas.vplat[0];
        }
 
        /* Merge Level-2 data... */
        init_l2(&ncd, track, xtrack, &ctl, &atm_apr);
 
        /* Retrieval... */
        optimal_estimation(&ret, &ctl, tbl, &obs_meas, &obs_i,
                           &atm_apr, &atm_i, &chisq[track][xtrack]);
 
        /* Run forward model including 4 micron channels... */
        for (int id = 0; id < ctl.nd; id++)
          obs_meas.rad[id][0] = obs_i.rad[id][0]
            = ncd.l1_rad[track][xtrack][channel[id]];
        formod(&ctl, tbl, &atm_i, &obs_i);
 
        /* Calculate non-LTE index... */
        n = 0;
        ni[track][xtrack] = 0;
        for (int id = 0; id < ctl.nd; id++)
          if (ctl.nu[id] >= 2000 && gsl_finite(obs_meas.rad[id][0])) {
            ni[track][xtrack] +=
              (BRIGHT(obs_meas.rad[id][0], ncd.l1_nu[channel[id]])
               - BRIGHT(obs_i.rad[id][0], ncd.l1_nu[channel[id]]));
            n++;
          }
        ni[track][xtrack] /= n;
      }
 
      /* Measure CPU time... */
      TIMER("retrieval", 3);
    }
 
    /* ------------------------------------------------------------
       Write output...
       ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
    /* Set filename... */
    sprintf(filename2, "%s.nlte.tab", filename);
 
    /* Create output file... */
    printf("Write non-LTE data: %s\n", filename2);
    if (!(out = fopen(filename2, "w")))
      ERRMSG("Cannot create file!");
 
    /* Write header... */
    fprintf(out,
            "# $1 = time (seconds since 2000-01-01, 00:00 UTC)\n"
            "# $2 = longitude [deg]\n"
            "# $3 = latitude [deg]\n"
            "# $4 = solar zenith angle [deg]\n"
            "# $5 = non-LTE index [K]\n" "# $6 = chi^2 of retrieval fit\n");
 
    /* Write data... */
    for (int track = track0; track <= track1; track++) {
      fprintf(out, "\n");
      for (int xtrack = xtrack0; xtrack <= xtrack1; xtrack++)
        fprintf(out, "%.2f %g %g %g %g %g\n",
                ncd.l1_time[track][xtrack],
                ncd.l1_lon[track][xtrack],
                ncd.l1_lat[track][xtrack],
                sza(ncd.l1_time[track][xtrack], ncd.l1_lon[track][xtrack],
                    ncd.l1_lat[track][xtrack]), ni[track][xtrack],
                chisq[track][xtrack]);
    }
 
    /* Close output file... */
    fclose(out);
 
    /* Write info... */
    printf("Retrieval finished on rank %d of %d!\n", rank, size);
  }
 
  /* Close file list... */
  fclose(in);
 
  /* Free... */
  free(tbl);
  
  /* Measure CPU time... */
  TIMER("total", 3);
 
  /* Report memory usage... */
  printf("MEMORY_ATM = %g MByte\n", 4. * sizeof(atm_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
  printf("MEMORY_CTL = %g MByte\n", 1. * sizeof(ctl_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
  printf("MEMORY_NCD = %g MByte\n", 1. * sizeof(ncd_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
  printf("MEMORY_OBS = %g MByte\n", 3. * sizeof(atm_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
  printf("MEMORY_RET = %g MByte\n", 1. * sizeof(ret_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
  printf("MEMORY_TBL = %g MByte\n", 1. * sizeof(tbl_t) / 1024. / 1024.);
 
  /* Report problem size... */
  printf("SIZE_TASKS = %d\n", size);
  printf("SIZE_THREADS = %d\n", omp_get_max_threads());
 
  /* MPI... */
  MPI_Finalize();
 
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
 
/*****************************************************************************/
 
void add_var(
  int ncid,
  const char *varname,
  const char *unit,
  const char *longname,
  int type,
  int dimid[],
  int *varid,
  int ndims) {
 
  /* Check if variable exists... */
  if (nc_inq_varid(ncid, varname, varid) != NC_NOERR) {
 
    /* Define variable... */
    NC(nc_def_var(ncid, varname, type, ndims, dimid, varid));
 
    /* Set long name... */
    NC(nc_put_att_text
       (ncid, *varid, "long_name", strlen(longname), longname));
 
    /* Set units... */
    NC(nc_put_att_text(ncid, *varid, "units", strlen(unit), unit));
  }
}
 
/************************************************************************/
 
void fill_gaps(
  double x[L2_NTRACK][L2_NXTRACK][L2_NLAY],
  double cx,
  double cy) {
 
  double help[L2_NTRACK][L2_NXTRACK];
 
  /* Loop over layers... */
  for (int lay = 0; lay < L2_NLAY; lay++) {
 
    /* Loop over grid points... */
    for (int track = 0; track < L2_NTRACK; track++)
      for (int xtrack = 0; xtrack < L2_NXTRACK; xtrack++) {
 
        /* Init... */
        help[track][xtrack] = 0;
        double wsum = 0;
 
        /* Averrage data points... */
        for (int track2 = 0; track2 < L2_NTRACK; track2++)
          for (int xtrack2 = 0; xtrack2 < L2_NXTRACK; xtrack2++)
            if (gsl_finite(x[track2][xtrack2][lay])
                && x[track2][xtrack2][lay] > 0) {
              const double w = exp(-gsl_pow_2((xtrack - xtrack2) / cx)
                                   - gsl_pow_2((track - track2) / cy));
              help[track][xtrack] += w * x[track2][xtrack2][lay];
              wsum += w;
            }
 
        /* Normalize... */
        if (wsum > 0)
          help[track][xtrack] /= wsum;
        else
          help[track][xtrack] = GSL_NAN;
      }
 
    /* Copy grid points... */
    for (int track = 0; track < L2_NTRACK; track++)
      for (int xtrack = 0; xtrack < L2_NXTRACK; xtrack++)
        x[track][xtrack][lay] = help[track][xtrack];
  }
}
 
/************************************************************************/
 
void init_l2(
  ncd_t *ncd,
  int track,
  int xtrack,
  ctl_t *ctl,
  atm_t *atm) {
 
  static atm_t atm_airs;
 
  double k[NW], p, q[NG], t, zmax = 0, zmin = 1000;
 
  /* Reset track- and xtrack-index to match Level-2 data... */
  track /= 3;
  xtrack /= 3;
 
  /* Store AIRS data in atmospheric data struct... */
  atm_airs.np = 0;
  for (int lay = 0; lay < L2_NLAY; lay++)
    if (gsl_finite(ncd->l2_z[track][xtrack][lay])) {
      atm_airs.z[atm_airs.np] = ncd->l2_z[track][xtrack][lay];
      atm_airs.p[atm_airs.np] = ncd->l2_p[lay];
      atm_airs.t[atm_airs.np] = ncd->l2_t[track][xtrack][lay];
      if ((++atm_airs.np) > NP)
        ERRMSG("Too many layers!");
    }
 
  /* Check number of levels... */
  if (atm_airs.np <= 0)
    return;
 
  /* Get height range of AIRS data... */
  for (int ip = 0; ip < atm_airs.np; ip++) {
    zmax = GSL_MAX(zmax, atm_airs.z[ip]);
    zmin = GSL_MIN(zmin, atm_airs.z[ip]);
  }
 
  /* Merge AIRS data... */
  for (int ip = 0; ip < atm->np; ip++) {
 
    /* Interpolate AIRS data... */
    intpol_atm(ctl, &atm_airs, atm->z[ip], &p, &t, q, k);
 
    /* Weighting factor... */
    double w = 1;
    if (atm->z[ip] > zmax)
      w = GSL_MAX(1 - (atm->z[ip] - zmax) / 50, 0);
    if (atm->z[ip] < zmin)
      w = GSL_MAX(1 - (zmin - atm->z[ip]) / 50, 0);
 
    /* Merge... */
    atm->t[ip] = w * t + (1 - w) * atm->t[ip];
    atm->p[ip] = w * p + (1 - w) * atm->p[ip];
  }
}
 
/*****************************************************************************/
 
void optimal_estimation(
  ret_t *ret,
  ctl_t *ctl,
  tbl_t *tbl,
  obs_t *obs_meas,
  obs_t *obs_i,
  atm_t *atm_apr,
  atm_t *atm_i,
  double *chisq) {
 
  static int ipa[N], iqa[N];
 
  double disq = 0, lmpar = 0.001;
 
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------
     Initialize...
     ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
  /* Get sizes... */
  const size_t m = obs2y(ctl, obs_meas, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  const size_t n = atm2x(ctl, atm_apr, NULL, iqa, ipa);
  if (m == 0 || n == 0) {
    *chisq = GSL_NAN;
    return;
  }
 
  /* Allocate... */
  gsl_matrix *a = gsl_matrix_alloc(n, n);
  gsl_matrix *cov = gsl_matrix_alloc(n, n);
  gsl_matrix *k_i = gsl_matrix_alloc(m, n);
  gsl_matrix *s_a_inv = gsl_matrix_alloc(n, n);
 
  gsl_vector *b = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
  gsl_vector *dx = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
  gsl_vector *dy = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *sig_eps_inv = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *sig_formod = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *sig_noise = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *x_a = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
  gsl_vector *x_i = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
  gsl_vector *x_step = gsl_vector_alloc(n);
  gsl_vector *y_aux = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *y_i = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
  gsl_vector *y_m = gsl_vector_alloc(m);
 
  /* Set initial state... */
  copy_atm(ctl, atm_i, atm_apr, 0);
  copy_obs(ctl, obs_i, obs_meas, 0);
  formod(ctl, tbl, atm_i, obs_i);
 
  /* Set state vectors and observation vectors... */
  atm2x(ctl, atm_apr, x_a, NULL, NULL);
  atm2x(ctl, atm_i, x_i, NULL, NULL);
  obs2y(ctl, obs_meas, y_m, NULL, NULL);
  obs2y(ctl, obs_i, y_i, NULL, NULL);
 
  /* Set inverse a priori covariance S_a^-1... */
  set_cov_apr(ret, ctl, atm_apr, iqa, ipa, s_a_inv);
  matrix_invert(s_a_inv);
 
  /* Get measurement errors... */
  set_cov_meas(ret, ctl, obs_meas, sig_noise, sig_formod, sig_eps_inv);
 
  /* Determine dx = x_i - x_a and dy = y - F(x_i) ... */
  gsl_vector_memcpy(dx, x_i);
  gsl_vector_sub(dx, x_a);
  gsl_vector_memcpy(dy, y_m);
  gsl_vector_sub(dy, y_i);
 
  /* Compute cost function... */
  *chisq = cost_function(dx, dy, s_a_inv, sig_eps_inv);
 
  /* Compute initial kernel... */
  kernel(ctl, tbl, atm_i, obs_i, k_i);
 
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------
     Levenberg-Marquardt minimization...
     ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
  /* Outer loop... */
  for (int it = 1; it <= ret->conv_itmax; it++) {
 
    /* Store current cost function value... */
    double chisq_old = *chisq;
 
    /* Compute kernel matrix K_i... */
    if (it > 1 && it % ret->kernel_recomp == 0)
      kernel(ctl, tbl, atm_i, obs_i, k_i);
 
    /* Compute K_i^T * S_eps^{-1} * K_i ... */
    if (it == 1 || it % ret->kernel_recomp == 0)
      matrix_product(k_i, sig_eps_inv, 1, cov);
 
    /* Determine b = K_i^T * S_eps^{-1} * dy - S_a^{-1} * dx ... */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m; i++)
      gsl_vector_set(y_aux, i, gsl_vector_get(dy, i)
                     * gsl_pow_2(gsl_vector_get(sig_eps_inv, i)));
    gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasTrans, 1.0, k_i, y_aux, 0.0, b);
    gsl_blas_dgemv(CblasNoTrans, -1.0, s_a_inv, dx, 1.0, b);
 
    /* Inner loop... */
    for (int it2 = 0; it2 < 20; it2++) {
 
      /* Compute A = (1 + lmpar) * S_a^{-1} + K_i^T * S_eps^{-1} * K_i ... */
      gsl_matrix_memcpy(a, s_a_inv);
      gsl_matrix_scale(a, 1 + lmpar);
      gsl_matrix_add(a, cov);
 
      /* Solve A * x_step = b by means of Cholesky decomposition... */
      gsl_linalg_cholesky_decomp(a);
      gsl_linalg_cholesky_solve(a, b, x_step);
 
      /* Update atmospheric state... */
      gsl_vector_add(x_i, x_step);
      copy_atm(ctl, atm_i, atm_apr, 0);
      copy_obs(ctl, obs_i, obs_meas, 0);
      x2atm(ctl, x_i, atm_i);
 
      /* Check atmospheric state... */
      for (int ip = 0; ip < atm_i->np; ip++) {
        atm_i->p[ip] = GSL_MIN(GSL_MAX(atm_i->p[ip], 5e-7), 5e4);
        atm_i->t[ip] = GSL_MIN(GSL_MAX(atm_i->t[ip], 100), 400);
        for (int ig = 0; ig < ctl->ng; ig++)
          atm_i->q[ig][ip] = GSL_MIN(GSL_MAX(atm_i->q[ig][ip], 0), 1);
        for (int iw = 0; iw < ctl->nw; iw++)
          atm_i->k[iw][ip] = GSL_MAX(atm_i->k[iw][ip], 0);
      }
 
      /* Forward calculation... */
      formod(ctl, tbl, atm_i, obs_i);
      obs2y(ctl, obs_i, y_i, NULL, NULL);
 
      /* Determine dx = x_i - x_a and dy = y - F(x_i) ... */
      gsl_vector_memcpy(dx, x_i);
      gsl_vector_sub(dx, x_a);
      gsl_vector_memcpy(dy, y_m);
      gsl_vector_sub(dy, y_i);
 
      /* Compute cost function... */
      *chisq = cost_function(dx, dy, s_a_inv, sig_eps_inv);
 
      /* Modify Levenberg-Marquardt parameter... */
      if (*chisq > chisq_old) {
        lmpar *= 10;
        gsl_vector_sub(x_i, x_step);
      } else {
        lmpar /= 10;
        break;
      }
    }
 
    /* Get normalized step size in state space... */
    gsl_blas_ddot(x_step, b, &disq);
    disq /= (double) n;
 
    /* Convergence test... */
    if ((it == 1 || it % ret->kernel_recomp == 0) && disq < ret->conv_dmin)
      break;
  }
 
  /* ------------------------------------------------------------
     Finalize...
     ------------------------------------------------------------ */
 
  gsl_matrix_free(a);
  gsl_matrix_free(cov);
  gsl_matrix_free(k_i);
  gsl_matrix_free(s_a_inv);
 
  gsl_vector_free(b);
  gsl_vector_free(dx);
  gsl_vector_free(dy);
  gsl_vector_free(sig_eps_inv);
  gsl_vector_free(sig_formod);
  gsl_vector_free(sig_noise);
  gsl_vector_free(x_a);
  gsl_vector_free(x_i);
  gsl_vector_free(x_step);
  gsl_vector_free(y_aux);
  gsl_vector_free(y_i);
  gsl_vector_free(y_m);
}
 
/*****************************************************************************/
 
void read_nc(
  char *filename,
  ncd_t *ncd) {
 
  int varid;
 
  /* Open netCDF file... */
  printf("Read netCDF file: %s\n", filename);
  NC(nc_open(filename, NC_WRITE, &ncd->ncid));
 
  /* Read Level-1 data... */
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_time", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_time[0]));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_lon", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_lon[0]));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_lat", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_lat[0]));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_sat_z", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_sat_z));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_sat_lon", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_sat_lon));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_sat_lat", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_sat_lat));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_nu", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_nu));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l1_rad", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_float(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l1_rad[0][0]));
 
  /* Read Level-2 data... */
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l2_z", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l2_z[0][0]));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l2_press", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l2_p));
  NC(nc_inq_varid(ncd->ncid, "l2_temp", &varid));
  NC(nc_get_var_double(ncd->ncid, varid, ncd->l2_t[0][0]));
}